Letterature di lingua inglese 2012-13
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| Letterature di lingua inglese 2012-13 |
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi October 1869– 30 January 1948
Gandhi's Life pdf
Gandhi - video
From Gandhiserve.org - youtube channel
“My life is my message”
13 anni: Kasturba [or Kasturbai]
1902
1888 - England
Vegeterianism
...will not be narrowed down to the mere promulgation of the principles of dietetic reform. It will endeavour to formulate the essential conditions necessary for the attainment of that ideal, first in the physical and then in the mental, moral and spiritual will endeavour first to lay fast the foundations of the perfect physical life; but, from that,- step upwards, it will point to the ever-ascending path of progress which culminates in the final redemption of the world....
1891 - India
1893 South Africa
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Natan Congress Party
1896 - India a prendere la famiglia
1906-7 Registration Act >>> satyagraha, active non-violent resistance, "firmness in truth"
sat - truth, agraha - firmness > firmness in truth
ahimsa - non-violence, love
brahmacharya - celibacy, striving towards God
"An oppressor's efforts will be in vain if we refuse to submit
to his tyranny. Slavery consists in submitting to an
unjust social order, not in suffering ourselves to be kicked.
Real courage and humanity consist in not returning a kick
for a kick. This is the core of Tolstoy's teaching."
"Passive Resistance is a method for securing rights by personal suffering: it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to may conscience, I use soul-force … if I do not obey the law, and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self …"
Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule
1915 torna in India
DISCORSO TENUTO DA GANDHI ALLA CONFERENZA DELLE RELAZIONI ASIATICHE, NEW DELHI, 2 APRILE 1947 - "FATE BATTERE I VOSTRI CUORI ALL'UNISONO CON LE MIE PAROLE" -
Radha Kamal Mukherjee writes, in 1846 India
“did not export any cotton goods at all, but had to import from England 213,840,000 yards of cloth as compared to 51 million yards in 1835 and only 800,000 yards in 1814. India’s de-industrialisation, increasing dependence upon agriculture and the severity of a series of farmers for the first time now exposed the weakness of her economic structure due to political dependence.” [Radha Kamal Mukherjee, The Economic History of India 1600-1800, Kitab Mahal, Calcutta 1967, p. 1]
1919 Rowlatt Act >> satyagraha a livello nazionale
"Why of course I read Thoreau, I read Walden first in Johannesburg in South Africa in 1906 and his ideas influenced me greatly. I adopted some of them and recommended the study of Thoreau to all my friends who were helping in. the cause of Indian independence. Why I actually took the name of my movement from Thoreau's essay On the Duty of Disobedience written about eighty years ago. Until I read that essay, I never found a suitable English translation for my Indian word-Satyagraha. You remember that Thoreau invented and practised the idea of civil disobedience in Concord, Massachusetts, by refusing to pay his Poll tax as a protest against the United States Government. He went to jail too. There is no doubt that Thoreau's ideas greatly influenced my movement in India."
1921: disobbedienza civile >> swaraji or Indian HOME RULE
Non violenza + non-cooperazione
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=vaixO3hbNa0&feature=endscreen Gandhi using a Spinning Wheel in India - Gandhi video footage
November 1927 - Simon Commission >> ultimatum dell?indian congress: entro il dicembre 1929 l'india doveva essere trasformata in un Dominio all'interno dell'Impero
1930 e la marcia del sale >> QUIT INDIA – indipendenza
March 20, 1930 Salt March
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJdErHQGEHM Footage - Gandhi - 1930 April, #02
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg_O5XHDSDU&feature=related Footage - Events - Salt Satyagraha - 1931 April, #01
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixBF_USTZcg&feature=related Footage - Events - Salt Satyagraha - 1930 April, #05
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=aL7b7uhYLl4 Mahatma Gandhi's travel to London
Ambedkar. leader intoccabili
1934: ‘Made in India!’ - fonda Sevagram Segaon
1939: Dichiarazione di guerra alla Germania
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqf0N9GDF4A&feature=channel Footage - Gandhi - 1939 March, #011942 Quit India!
Gandhi and Jinnah in Bombay 1944 video
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Muslim League vs Indian National Congress
Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell as Viceroy of India in 1947
Indian Independence Act - midnight on August 14-15, 1947
India Pakistan Partition BBC Special Presentation
30 January 1948 Gandhi dies
