LetteraturE di lingua inglese
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| LetteraturE di lingua inglese |
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"The White tiger", aravind adiga
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New Yorker, Sunday Times, Financial Times, Times of India
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Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children
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Michael Portillo: it's "as disturbing as it is entertaining." ... the book "changed my view of certain things--like what is the real India and what is the nature of poverty."
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Manjula Padmanabhan in Outlook Magazine: the book is a "tedious, unfunny slog," with echoes of the "Indo-internationalist" school of literature.
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Naipaul, An Area of Darkness
India: A Wounded Civilization
India: A Million Mutinies Now
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Danny Boyle, The Millionaire (2008) anche online: http://casacinema.eu/movie-film-The+Millionaire+2008+streaming-9080.html
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Slumdog: A slum dweller. A person who lives in a poor makeshift locality in extremely dirty conditions like a stray dog. A person who lives in an overcrowded and poor area of a city in which the housing is unplanned.
1. That bastard slumdogs put a scratch on my BMW.
2. Every Slumdog dreams of becoming a millionaire; but destiny chose just one out of millions.
An extremely poor person (male or female) who goes on to obtain a lot of wealth!
(As in the film Slumdog Millionaire:)http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=slumdog
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Salman Rushdie: “The west repeats itself in India as a farce”, then adds his own corollary: “India repeats itself in westerners as tragedy. When a westerner takes on the garb of the Indian in their yoga and chanting, it’s always a sign of inner pain.”
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American Declaration of Independence “…all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
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Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day
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Articolo sugli crimini domestici a opera di servi:
http://nitawriter.wordpress.com/2006/10/30/murder-and-crime-by-domestic-servants-in-india/
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United Nations in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child which states:
Principle 3 - The child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and nationality.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states in similar terms:
Article 24:2 - Every child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall be given a name.
Codice Civile, Art. 6. Diritto al nome. Ogni persona ha diritto al nome che le è per legge attribuito. Nel nome si comprendono il prenome e il cognome. Non sono ammessi cambiamenti, aggiunte o rettifiche al nome, se non nei casi e con le formalità dalla legge indicati. In the text my translation.
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Buffalo: si era mangiato le strade e i risciò: se avevi un rischiò dovevi pagargli un diritto di passaggio sulle strade.
Airone. grasso, baffi grossi, ricurvi e appuntiti all’estremità. possedeva il fiume che scorreva accanto al villaggio. Riscuoteva tangenti per i pesci pescati e per il passaggio de barcaioli.
Cinghiale: fratello di Airone. Possedeva le terre attorno al paese. Per lavorare quella terra dovevi prostrarti davanti a lui ed accettare le sue condizioni. Abbordava tutte le donne per quanto bruttissimo
Corvo: possedeva i terreni peggiori e riscuoteva i pedaggi dai pastori che portavano a pascolare le greggi in quelle terre. Se non avevano soldi voleva prestazioni sessuali maschili >> corvo.
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DIRITTI UMANI
Diritti messi in discussione nel romanzo
diritto alla dignità,
all’autodeterminazione,
all’istruzione,
al giusto processo,
alla giusta detenzione,
alla pena,
a non essere trattato da schiavo o servo,
a non essere trattato crudelmente o con punizioni degradanti,
alla dignità sul posto di lavoro.
diritto alla salute e alle cure mediche,
diritto alla scelta del proprio lavoro,
diritto al matrimonio,
alla difesa della famiglia da parte della società e dello stato,
diritto alla libertà religiosa,
diritto di voto,
diritto alla sicurezza sociale e all’autorealizzazione,
diritto a un equo salario
Articolo 29: che ognuno ha doveri verso la comunità e la responsabilità di rispettare i diritti degli altri. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York, 9 dicembre 1948) .
Art. 2: Declaration: race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
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I diritti umani sono “equi, inalienabili, universali”, dovrebbero essere un ‘common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations’
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1. Right to equality 2. Right to freedom 3. Right against exploitation 4. Right to freedom of religion 5. Cultural education right 6. Right to constitutional remedies
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- Parte III dei Fundamental Rights, - Parte IV delle DPSP - Fundamental Duties contenuti nella parte IV-A della Costituzione
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Human Rights Watch - January 2011:
“India, the world’s most populous democracy, has a vibrant media, active civil society, a respected judiciary, and significant human rights problems. (…) Authorities made little progress in reforming the police; improving healthcare, education, and food security for millions still struggling for subsistence; ending discrimination against Dalits (“untouchables”), tribal groups, and religious minorities; and protecting the rights of women and children.” Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org
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Monitoring Human Rights Violations:
I. Ranking in Human Rights Violators Index: II. Political freedom III. Human rights violations by the security forces: a. Custodial violence b. Extra-judicial killings c. Arbitrary arrest,
illegal detention and torture
IV. Judiciary and administration of justice: a. Legal reforms b. Judges' Accountability c. Judicial delay
V. Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions
VI. Repression on human rights defenders
VII. Freedom of the press: a. Attacks by the state agencies and political activists b. Attacks by the Armed Opposition Groups
VIII. Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples: a. Atrocities against tribals b. Land alienation and displacement c. Repression under the forest Laws d. Encroachment by non-tribals
IX. Violations of the rights of the Dalits: a. Denial of access to public Places b. Physical attacks against the Dalits c. Violence against Dalit Women d. Denial of land rights
X. Violence against women: a. Violence by the security forces b. Violence by the Armed Opposition Groups c. Cruel cultural practices
XI. Violations of the rights of the child: a. Child labour b. Child trafficking c. Children in armed conflict d. Orphaned children e. Girl child: Target of sexual abuse f. Juvenile Justice g. Torture of children
XII. Status of internally displaced persons
XIII. Violations of the prisoners' rights
XIV. Violations of the rights of minorities: a. Attacks on the Christian inorities b. Attacks on the minorities by the Armed Opposition Groups in J&K
XV. Status of the refugees: a. Refugees under the government of India b. Refugees under the
UNHCR
XVI. Violations of International Humanitarian Laws by the Armed Opposition Groups: a. Torture b. Killings c. Abductions d. Extortion
XVII. Application of the National Security Laws: a. Cases under the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002 b. Cases under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act c. Cases under the Public Safety Act.
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Nehru, in un famoso discorso tenuto al Parlamento il 16 maggio del 1951:
“(…) the whole conception of fundamental rights is for the protection of individual liberty and freedom … in the process of protecting individual liberty, if you also protect individual or group inequality, then you come into conflict with directive principle. If therefore an appeal to individual liberty and freedom is constructed as an appeal for the continuations of the existing inequality, then you come up against difficulties. You become static and unprogressive and cannot change: you cannot realize the ideal of an egalitarian society which, I hope, most of us want.”
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Scheduled Castes (SCs) e Scheduled Tribes (STs) (explicitly recognized by the Indian Constitution, previously called by the British the "depressed classes,"); Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs), ovvero le Other Backward Classes (OBCs), children, women and physically disabile.
CENSUS OF INDIA, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/scst.aspx
The concept of human rights incorporates three basic tenets:
individualism, which implies that the individual is the basic unit of society;
rights, which implies that the basic organising principle of society is rights; and
legalism, which means that the primary method of securing these rights is through recourse to formal law, where rights are claimed and adjudicated upon, mainly in an adversarial manner (Sinha 1981).
The basic tenets of Hindu thought for the organisation of society can be discerned as
collectivism, that is, the view that the family or group is the fundamental unit of society,
duties as the primary basis for securing human existence in society, and
reconciliation and repentance as the primary method for dealing with violation of duties (Sinha 1981: 87-88).
Moni Ovadia, Madre Dignità, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydxsAtJD7zA
Summum ius, summa iniuria - "il massimo del diritto, il massimo dell'ingiustizia"
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